Recognising a diabetic emergency

Recognising a diabetic emergency involves identifying symptoms of either low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Here’s what to look for and how to respond:

1. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)

This occurs when a person’s blood sugar level drops too low, typically below 4 mmol/L.

Common Symptoms:

• Shaking or trembling.

• Sweating.

• Pale skin.

• Hunger.

• Confusion, difficulty concentrating, or slurred speech.

• Irritability or unusual behavior (may mimic drunkenness).

• Dizziness or feeling faint.

• Rapid heartbeat.

• Loss of consciousness or seizures (in severe cases).

What to Do:

1. Conscious Patient:

   • Give them a sugary drink (e.g., cola, fruit juice) or fast-acting sugar like glucose tablets, sweets, or a teaspoon of sugar.

   • Follow up with a slower-releasing carbohydrate, such as a sandwich or a piece of fruit.

2. Unconscious Patient:

   • Do not give them anything by mouth.

   • Place them in the recovery position and call 999 immediately.

   • Inform paramedics that it’s a suspected diabetic emergency.

2. Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)

This occurs when blood sugar levels are too high, often above 11 mmol/L, over a prolonged period.

Common Symptoms:

• Excessive thirst.

• Frequent urination.

• Dry mouth.

• Tiredness or weakness.

• Blurred vision.

• Nausea or vomiting.

• Fruity-smelling breath (a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis, a serious condition).

What to Do:

1. Encourage them to take insulin or medication if they have it and know how to manage their condition.

2. Ensure they stay hydrated with sugar-free fluids (e.g., water).

3. Seek medical advice promptly if symptoms worsen or don’t improve, especially if there are signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (e.g., fruity breath, vomiting, or confusion).

Recognising a diabetic emergency- When to Call 999

• The person is unconscious or having seizures.

• Symptoms persist despite treatment (e.g., continued confusion or inability to swallow sugar for hypoglycemia).

• They exhibit severe signs of hyperglycemia, such as rapid breathing, confusion, or vomiting.

Recognising a diabetic emergency